Governments and Disappointment
An African chief stated that there are only two problems in Africa – rats and governments. The chief’s obvious disappointment with governments is shared by people all over the world. There are different kinds of governments based on different assumptions.
A reasonable argument is that humans prefer autocratic leadership in the form of kings and queens or charismatic leaders with a military background. Humans have an impressive tendency to form hierarchies with groups, large and small. This is a tendency derived from an instinctual social order that relies on groups organizing around leaders, alpha animals, who by ability or inherited status can control others. In small groups, leaders are more visible and more accountable to other members of the group. Small group leaders must court favor on a daily basis or rely on intimidation of critics and competitors. As groups enlarge, leaders are less visible and less accountable and hierarchies become better defined and more fiercely defended. Dictatorship is the oldest and most prevalent form of government. The Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy index 2010 reported on 55 authoritarian regimes in the world. They suggested that democracies were in decline.
An African chief stated that there are only two problems in Africa – rats and governments. The chief’s obvious disappointment with governments is shared by people all over the world. There are different kinds of governments based on different assumptions.
A reasonable argument is that humans prefer autocratic leadership in the form of kings and queens or charismatic leaders with a military background. Humans have an impressive tendency to form hierarchies with groups, large and small. This is a tendency derived from an instinctual social order that relies on groups organizing around leaders, alpha animals, who by ability or inherited status can control others. In small groups, leaders are more visible and more accountable to other members of the group. Small group leaders must court favor on a daily basis or rely on intimidation of critics and competitors. As groups enlarge, leaders are less visible and less accountable and hierarchies become better defined and more fiercely defended. Dictatorship is the oldest and most prevalent form of government. The Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy index 2010 reported on 55 authoritarian regimes in the world. They suggested that democracies were in decline.
The hope, of course, is that the autocratic leader is
benevolent and shares the wealth with his or her devoted subjects. Hopeful citizens
are usually disappointed. History tells us that wealthy aristocrats who fail to
share the wealth can be deposed and killed by rivals or revolutionaries. Governments
in Africa are often corrupt and belligerent. They sometimes organize mass
killings to remove groups that are no longer wanted or needed. Any opposition
is rewarded by imprisonment or death. The aberrations of African countries are
consistent with human history and mirror the worst conduct prevalent in Europe over
many centuries. Recent events in Arab countries are further repetitions of age-old
struggles with ruthless elites using force to suppress dissent.
The invention of more or less stable civil service
organizations is the real basis of government and the key to social stability. In
democracies, politicians are elected to pass laws and may act as temporary
executive officers of government institutions. They are seldom qualified for
the responsibilities they assume. In the best case, government institutions are
staffed by well-educated, well-informed experts who advise and guide elected
administrators, accept some of their ideological biases without compromising
the conduct of the institution's business.
Seldom is the best case achieved and instead, in many countries,
citizens discover that they are victims of the worst case mismanagement of institutions
– often a product of political meddling and nepotism. You could argue that the
real result of elections is guaranteed incompetence of elected lawmakers.
Democracy Flaws
Democracy and freedom are not necessarily linked. An alert,
well-informed citizenry and a politically independent judiciary are essential
to the preservation of some personal freedom. A civil society develops multiple
overlapping levels of dispute resolution with the right to appeal bad decisions
that are common and inevitable when local tribunals decide who is privileged
and who is not. A champion of civil rights is often in the uncomfortable
predicament of defending the rights of humans he or she disagrees with,
dislikes and even fears.
All governments are inefficient and are prone to corruption.
In every large institution, there is a tendency to fascism, the dictatorial
rule of an elite group who believe only they know what is right and true. A
fascist displays innate tendencies, modified by learning, but devoid of
compassion. A fascist promotes arguments and dissension, developing the idea
that only some citizens have rights and privileges and others become outsiders
who must be constrained, imprisoned, deported or eliminated. A fascist leader is a dictator. The
idealistic notion that governments only exist to serve the needs of the people
turns out to be a denial of human nature. Attempts within governments to
regulate themselves appear in the most affluent nations where the people are
well educated and well informed. Well qualified citizens often demand better
performance from their elected officials and their media often broadcast news
of wrong-doing. An elected official representing well qualified citizens has a
vested interest in protecting his or her reputation by behaving correctly and
following ethical rules. This peer
pressure dynamic is essential for small group regulation and may work to some degree
in larger groups because of the increased ability of private citizens to broadcast
disapproval.
Elections are often thought to be the essence of democracy,
but as human groups grow larger and social organization more complex, the ideal
of citizen controlled government becomes impossible. The Economist Intelligence Unit assessed the
kind and quality of governments in 167 countries during 2008. Only 30 countries
had full democracies, representing 14.4% of the world population.
Type
|
Countries
|
% countries
|
% population
|
Full democracies
|
30
|
18.0
|
14.4
|
Flawed democracies
|
50
|
29.9
|
35.5
|
Hybrid regimes
|
36
|
21.6
|
15.2
|
Authoritarian
|
51
|
30.5
|
34.9
|
Five European countries Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Netherlands
and Denmark had the highest ratings for fully functional democracies. Canada
was eleventh and the US 18th on the list. North Korea had the lowest ratings as
a dysfunctional authoritarian regime.[i]
By the end of 2010, full democracies decreased to 26 (12.3%
of world population) and flawed democracies increased to 53 (37.2%). The
democracy score was lower in 2010 than in 2008 in 91 countries out of the 167
they surveyed. They attribute the decline to economic distress in the afflicted
countries. [ii]
The Economist democracy report of 2008 stated: “Flawed
democracies are concentrated in Latin America and Eastern Europe, and to a
lesser extent in Asia. Despite progress in Latin American democratization in
recent decades, many countries in the region remain fragile democracies. Levels
of political participation are generally very low and democratic cultures are
weak. There has also been significant backsliding in recent years in some areas
such as media freedoms. Much of Eastern Europe illustrates the difference
between formal and substantive democracy. The new EU members from the region
have pretty much equal levels of political freedoms and civil liberties as the
old developed EU, but lag significantly in political participation and
political culture—a reflection of widespread anomie and weaknesses of
democratic development. Only two countries from the region—the Czech Republic
and Slovenia (just)—are in the full democracy category. Hybrid and
authoritarian regimes dominate heavily in the countries of the former Soviet
Union, as the momentum towards "color revolutions" has petered out.”
The Economist's 2010 report stated that:" The dominant
pattern in all regions over the past two years has been backsliding on
previously attained progress in democratization. The global financial crisis
that started in 2008 accentuated existing negative trends in political
development."
Kershaw recalled Hitler’s rise to power, exploiting
democracy to create a demonic dictatorship. Other countries continue on a
fascist course in the 21st century. Kershaw asked: “Could something like it
happen again? That is the first question that comes to mind when recalling that
Hitler was given power in democratic Germany 75 years ago. With the world now
facing such great tensions and instability, the question seems more obvious
than ever. Hitler came to power in a democracy with a liberal Constitution, and
used democratic freedoms to undermine and then destroy democracy itself. That
democracy, established in 1919, was a product of defeat in a world war and
revolution and was never accepted by most of the German elites, notably the
military, large landholders and big industry.
The Nazis’ spectacular surge in popular support reflected anger,
frustration and resentment that Hitler was able to exploit among millions of
Germans. Democracy had failed them, they felt. Their country was divided,
impoverished and humiliated. Scapegoats were needed. It was easy to turn hatred
against Jews, who could be made to represent the imagined external threat to Germany
by both international capitalism and Bolshevism. Internally, Jews were
associated with the political left which was held responsible by Hitler and his
followers for Germany’s plight. These distant events still have echoes today.
In Europe, in the wake of increased immigration, most countries have
experienced some revival of neo-fascist, racist movements. Skillful politicians
around the globe have proved adept at manipulating populist sentiment and using
democratic structures to erect forms of personalized, authoritarian rule.” [iii]
From Surviving Human Nature by Stephen Gislason
[i]
Democracy report 2008 Economist Intelligence Unit http://www.eiu.com/index.asp
[ii]
Economist Intelligence Unit’s
Webinar. Democracy In Retreat:
The EIU's Democracy Index 2010 . December 15, 2010 Online.
[iii] Ian Kershaw. How Democracy Produced a Monster. NYT February
3, 2008